University of California, Merced - Lorena Anderson

From Soil to Climate Solutions: Berhe Leads Sierra Nevada Research Institute into its Next Chapter

Anonymous — Thu, 11 Sep 2025 16:33:07 +0000

By Lorena Anderson, ��ϰٿ�

September 11, 2025

Professor Asmeret Asefaw Berhe. Image courtesy of Professor Berhe.

When Professor Asmeret Asefaw Berhe arrived at ��ϰٿ� in 2009, she and her husband, Professor Teamrat Ghezzehei, were leaving major research institutions to join a brand-new campus in California’s Central Valley. It was a leap of faith — one made easier by the Sierra Nevada Research Institute.

“SNRI folks were a really big part of why we decided to come to ��ϰٿ�,” Berhe said. “They welcomed us, supported us in establishing our research programs, and served as our unofficial mentors.”

Now, more than a decade and a half later, Berhe has taken the helm of the institute that helped launch her career. As the newly appointed director of SNRI, she brings a deep understanding of its roots and a bold vision for its future — one grounded in climate resilience, interdisciplinary collaboration and community impact.

A Leader for a Growing Mission

Berhe’s appointment became official July 1 after an internal search led by previous SNRI directors and the Office of Research and Economic Development. SNRI Executive Director Molly Stephens helped coordinate the transition. As executive director, Stephen is tasked with the institute’s administrative duties. Berhe will oversee all the research conducted through SNRI.

“Asmeret is a respected voice for science, both basic and applied,” Stephens said. “She’s equal parts optimism, persistence, strategic thinking, humanity and high expectations, with a dash of dreaming. She is a force.”

Berhe’s credentials are formidable. She served as director of the Department of Energy’s Office of Science in Washington, D.C., and built a research career that focuses on soil, climate solutions and equity in STEM. She holds the Ted and Jan Falasco Chair in Earth Sciences and Geology, has delivered two TED talks and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. She is a fellow of the American Geophysical Union and the Geological Society of America, and was named a Great Immigrant, Great American by the Carnegie Corporation of New York.

Colleagues say she is known for her ability to listen, engage and cut straight to data-driven solutions.

Also, “she’s really passionate about soil,” Stephens said. “Did I mention soil?”

Berhe follows in the footsteps of respected directors. SNRI was founded in 2007 by now-retired Vice Chancellor for the Office of Research and Economic Development Samuel Traina and was later led by Professor Roger Bales, who served as director for the longest period and expanded it into a hub for interdisciplinary environmental research. Professors Stephen Hart and Martha Conklin served as interim directors, and Professor Tom Harmon completed a five-year term just before Berhe’s appointment.

“It’s important to pay homage to the incredible institute that Sam, Roger, Martha, Steve, Tom and all the other faculty members built,” Berhe said. “I feel inspired because I’ve been inspired by their leadership, and now I get the opportunity to lead this outstanding institute into its next great chapter.”

More Than Mountains

Despite its name, SNRI has always been about more than the Sierra Nevada.

“The goal of SNRI research and researchers has always been to cover the vast and diverse ecosystems that extend from the crest of the Sierra Nevada to the Pacific Ocean,” Berhe said, “the nature, properties and management of all those natural ecosystems, their sustainability and human-environment relationships.”

SNRI researchers use a variety of methods, from field-based inquiry to lab and modeling work, to study drought, wildfire, pollution, land use, renewable energy and more — blending natural sciences, engineering and social sciences. The aim, Berhe said, is not just to conduct research but to turn it into real-world solutions.

“We’ve always worked to balance fundamental research with policy implications,” she said. “It’s about pushing the frontiers of knowledge forward to improve our understanding of natural processes, anthropogenic impacts and development of advanced technologies, and helping communities, stakeholders and policymakers understand and apply what we’re learning.”

A Climate-focused Evolution

One of Berhe’s first major tasks is overseeing the merger of SNRI with ��ϰٿ�’s Climate Institute, a state-funded institute established two years ago.

The integration is designed to streamline operations and amplify the impact of both institutes.

The merger might end up changing SNRI’s name through a planned rebranding effort, but it doesn’t change SNRI’s mission; it simply sharpens it.

“I think of it more as a progression or evolution of what has always been,” Stephens said. “We’re just being clearer about the role climate change plays in our motivation and sense of urgency.”

The combined institute will continue supporting research in hydrology, environmental contamination, sustainable land management, wildfire, precision agriculture, ecology and biodiversity, and also houses the UC Center for Climate Justice, led by Professor Tracey Osborne.

The Climate Institute adds three specialized centers to SNRI’s existing strengths:

Fire Resilience Center, led by Professor Crystal Kolden
Energy Center, led by Professor Sarah Kurtz
Center for Resilient, Equitable and Sustainable Futures, led by Professor Rebecca Ryals

The center directors expressed excitement about Berhe’s leadership of SNRI.

“Professor Berhe is a visionary leader who brings not only an incredible scientific resume but also has been a powerful advocate for climate and environmental justice,” Kolden said. “We are lucky to have her at ��ϰٿ�, and I’m thrilled to have her at the helm.”

Kurtz added, “It will be very special to work with Asmeret. Her expertise is very different from mine, but our goals are aligned. We’re working together to make the world a better place.”

Leadership for a Warming World

For Berhe and Stephens, SNRI is uniquely positioned to lead right now.

“We’re facing unprecedented environmental challenges that are being exacerbated by many overlapping challenges,” Berhe said. “The need for science-based solutions has never been greater — and the need to communicate those solutions effectively has never been greater.”

Kurtz agreed the merger is timely.

“Solving today’s problems requires an interdisciplinary approach. It is very useful that the merger between SNRI and the Climate Institute can bring such a breadth of expertise together, leveraging a well-established program to quickly launch a new one,” she said.

Stephens said the institute is already building strategic research teams, diversifying support and developing ways to inspire hope and action.

“We have to balance the risk of pushing too hard with the risk of not pushing hard enough,” she added. “California and ��ϰٿ� researchers are poised to generate critical, actionable science that makes a real difference, but we have to move quickly.”

Looking Ahead

Reflecting on the past few years, Stephens said SNRI has focused on “steadying the ship” through COVID and campus transitions. Now, the institute is turning outward — building networks, engaging communities and co-producing solutions.

“In five years, I’d like our campus to be a leader in research that co-produces solutions for rural communities together with those communities,” she said. “That increases accessibility and sustainability of energy and food systems. That increases the resilience of human and ecological communities.”

Berhe agrees. For her, the work is personal — and urgent.

“We can’t afford to lose on the kind of issues that we work on in SNRI,” she said. “The work we do — and the people and researchers we support — is becoming more important with time.”

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Research into Hidden Chemistry Shaping Future Air Quality Earns Zhang an NSF Award

Anonymous — Mon, 08 Sep 2025 16:27:37 +0000

By Lorena Anderson, ��ϰٿ�

September 8, 2025

Professor Xuan Zhang recently became the campus's 43rd recipient of the CAREER award.

As nations cut emissions that once fueled urban smog, scientists are discovering unexpected chemistry taking place in the atmosphere.

��ϰٿ� Professor Xuan Zhang is leading a project to uncover how these chemical shifts could affect the air we breathe and the climate. The project is supported by a National Science Foundation CAREER Award.

Zhang is the 43rd researcher from ��ϰٿ� to earn a CAREER award from the NSF.

CAREER awards are among the NSF’s most prestigious. They are given through the Faculty Early Career Development Program to recognize untenured faculty members as teacher-scholars. Early-career faculty members are selected based on three factors: the strength of their research proposals; their potential to serve as academic role models in research and education; and their leadership in their field and organizations.

Zhang will receive about $621,000 over the next five years for the project “Dynamics of Peroxy Radicals at Extended Lifetimes: A Key Missing Piece in the Canonical Mechanism.”

The project focuses on peroxy radicals — short-lived molecules formed whenever fuels, plants or fires release volatile organic compounds. Traditionally, scientists thought these radicals quickly disappeared by reacting with nitrogen oxides or hydrogen compounds. But as pollution drops worldwide, the radicals are lingering longer and behaving in ways not captured by current models.

"This project is about understanding how our atmosphere is changing as pollution controls take effect worldwide,” Zhang said. “By studying key chemical reactions in the air, we hope to improve predictions of air quality and climate.”

The research will examine how peroxy radicals generated from aromatic compounds — key pollutants from combustion — transform into different versions of themselves and form highly oxidized organic molecules. These reactions are believed to be important in creating tiny airborne particles that damage lungs and trap heat in the atmosphere.

Findings from the study will feed into large-scale climate models, helping policymakers evaluate the effectiveness of emissions controls and design strategies that protect health and the environment.

Zhang and her lab focus on atmospheric chemistry, including the toxicity and health impacts of organic aerosols, such as on Alzheimer’s disease, atmospheric composition measurement, air pollution, and interactions between air quality and climate. She is a member of the Department of Life and Environmental Sciences in the School of Natural Sciences.

"I’m deeply honored to receive the NSF CAREER award,” Zhang said. “It not only supports my research on atmospheric chemistry but also gives me the chance to mentor students and engage local communities in conversations about air quality and climate.”

The project also carries a strong educational mission, a required part of each CAREER proposal. Six undergraduates will participate in a nine-week bridge program that immerses them in atmospheric research and mentorship at the National Center for Atmospheric Research.

In addition, ��ϰٿ� will host summer workshops to help high school teachers incorporate cutting-edge climate science into their classrooms, and the team will produce animations for a YouTube channel aimed at making air chemistry more accessible to the general public.

By combining advanced research with education and outreach, the project not only addresses urgent questions about future air quality but also opens doors for students and communities that are often left out of scientific conversations.

"I see this award as an opportunity to connect atmospheric research with education,” she said. “By linking discoveries about how our air is changing to the classroom, workshops and outreach, we can both improve climate science and empower students and teachers in communities such as Merced that are most affected by poor air quality.”

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Hellman Fellowships Welcome Three New Members from ��ϰٿ�

Anonymous — Thu, 04 Sep 2025 16:22:05 +0000

By Lorena Anderson, ��ϰٿ�

September 4, 2025

This year's Hellman Fellows: Adeyemi Adebiyi, Qian Wang and Meredith Van Natta

As the Hellman Fellowships celebrate their 30th year, three more researchers, one from each of ��ϰٿ�’s schools, have joined the prestigious ranks of recipients.

Electrical engineering Professor Qian Wang, sociology Professor Meredith Van Natta and Earth systems Professor Adeyemi Adebiyi will receive funding through their fellowships for projects they have proposed.

Van Natta plans to investigate how the collection of migrants’ biometric data by immigration enforcement agencies shapes their experiences with the U.S. legal and political systems, as well as their broader sense of social belonging.

“This project will evaluate the ethical, legal and social issues related to autonomy, equity, privacy and fairness for migrants and potential spillover effects on U.S. citizens,” she said.

“I am honored and humbled to be selected for a Hellman Fellowship this year,” Van Natta said. “It’s an immense privilege to have my research supported in this way.”

Quantum computing is the focus of Wang’s fellowship project. It’s a growing field with the potential to solve problems that traditional computers can't handle, she said.

Cloud access to public quantum computers allows researchers to run quantum circuits remotely. However, relying on third-party compilers and cloud platforms poses serious security risks, especially when protecting quantum circuits.

Wang’s project will develop a robust technique to safeguard the functionality and integrity of quantum circuits, addressing these emerging threats.

“With support from the Hellman Fellowship, we aim to gain access to a state-of-the-art quantum computing platform to start the quantum circuit security analysis, enabling large-scale simulation and evaluation on real quantum machines,” Wang said. “This effort will contribute significantly to ��ϰٿ�’s growth in this promising and rapidly evolving field. I am deeply honored to be selected as a Hellman Fellow. I sincerely thank the committee, as well as my home department and school for their support. This award means a great deal to me as I begin my research in quantum computing.”

Adebiyi will use his fellowship to further investigate the growing issue of dust.

He plans to investigate whether human-induced dust pollution has increased in California and the western U.S. in recent years and estimate the impacts of these anthropogenic dusts on the regional climate.

“Ultimately, this project will help us answer the question of whether recent changes in anthropogenic dust warm or cool the regional climate, and what consequences that would have in an already warming climate,” he said.

“Being named a Hellman Fellow for this year is an incredible honor, and I am grateful for the recognition,” Adebiyi said. “This award not only underscores the significance of my research but also enables me to train a graduate student and advance the critical research of dust and its impacts on the climate.”

This year’s awards bring ��ϰٿ�’s total number of Hellman recipients to 68. The Hellman Fellows Fund was established through an endowed gift to the University of California in 1995 from Chris and Warren Hellman and their family, providing annual support to faculty as they launch their careers. ��ϰٿ� began receiving some of that funding in 2011, and in 2020, the Hellman Foundation endowed a fund at ��ϰٿ�.

Each fellowship recognizes promising untenured faculty members who show capacity for great distinction in their chosen fields.

“Their discoveries, commitment to their work, and great potential continue to inspire us year after year,” said Frances Hellman, president of the Hellman Fellows Fund.

Each year, the selection committee reviews a wide variety of proposals and applications for the awards. In the 2024-25 school year, there were 25 applicants from ��ϰٿ�.

Each awardee receives between $10,000 and $50,000, based on their project needs.

Each of this year’s recipients now joins the Society of Hellman Fellows. Past Hellman Fellows are recognized internationally for their research, and many are now leaders in their fields around the world.

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Simple Chemical Treatment Makes Next-Gen Electronics More Reliable

Anonymous — Tue, 19 Aug 2025 21:45:01 +0000

August 19, 2025

Mechanical engineering Professor Mehmet Z. Baykara.

A team of international researchers has discovered that a simple chemical treatment can enhance the strength and reliability of one of the world’s thinnest materials for use in future electronics.

The study, published in Nature Communications, demonstrates that treating monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) with a specialized acid not only repairs tiny defects in the material but also enhances its durability and electrical conductivity consistency.

These improvements are crucial for using MoS₂ in next-generation devices such as flexible smartphones, ultra-efficient transistors and wearable sensors.

“As we are approaching the physical limits of miniaturization in silicon-based electronics, leading semiconductor companies and academic labs are actively exploring new materials to replace or complement existing technology,” ��ϰٿ� mechanical engineering Professor Mehmet Z. Baykara said. “While 2D materials like MoS₂ are attractive in this regard, major challenges remain in terms of scalability, integration and reliability.”

Baykara and his students collaborated on the project with colleagues at the University of Toronto as well as researchers from Japan and China. Baykara’s lab played a key role in imaging the material at the atomic level.

MoS₂ is just 3 atoms thick and has attracted attention for its potential to replace silicon in electronics. But tiny defects — missing atoms called vacancies — can weaken the material and cause it to fail under stress or behave unpredictably in circuits.

To address this issue, the team employed a non-oxidizing superacid known as TFSI. This treatment filled in the atomic gaps and smoothed out the material’s electrical behavior. Treated samples were twice as resistant to long-term stress and lasted 10 times longer in wear tests compared to untreated ones. They also demonstrated a significantly more even flow of electricity, which is crucial for preventing device failure.

The researchers employed advanced tools, including atomic-resolution microscopes and computer simulations, to gain a deeper understanding of how the treatment worked. They found that the acid not only repaired the defects but also altered how cracks form and spread, making the material more resilient.

“Our collaborative work shows that a simple chemical treatment aimed at defect healing leads to drastic improvements in the mechanical reliability and electronic homogeneity of MoS₂, significantly improving its potential to be used in industrial-scale electronic device applications,” Baykara said.

These findings could help pave the way for more reliable and longer-lasting electronics, especially in areas where devices need to be thin, flexible and energy-efficient. The team hopes to apply the same approach to other ultra-thin materials and explore how it could improve everything from solar panels to medical sensors.

“We are aiming to enhance our atomic-resolution imaging methodology with machine learning approaches in the near future, facilitating the rapid detection and classification of atomic-scale defects that tightly control the properties of 2D materials,” Baykara said.

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A New Adventure for Two Founding Faculty Chemists: Retirement

Anonymous — Mon, 18 Aug 2025 15:42:33 +0000

By Lorena Anderson, ��ϰٿ�

August 18, 2025

Professors Anne and David Kelley, third and fourth from left, with a group of graduate students.

Starting a university from scratch isn’t for the faint of heart — or the slow of foot. Lucky for ��ϰٿ�, Anne Myers Kelley and David Kelley are neither.

Anne, a former Olympic marathon trials qualifier, and David, a competitive cyclist, were no strangers to long, grueling efforts when they packed up their lab gear and headed west from Kansas State University in 2003.

They weren’t just changing jobs — they were helping build a university from the ground up. Now, more than two decades, hundreds of students, and countless research hours later, the founding duo is gearing up for a slower-paced adventure.

Well, maybe just a little slower now that they are retiring.

The Kelleys’ footprints are all over the School of Natural Sciences, particularly in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, a keystone research area for ��ϰٿ�’s rise to an R1 university designation.

Building Labs and a Department

“I said they were very brave to come here when there was nothing, but Anne said that it wasn't bravery at all; they were overjoyed at being able to find two senior positions in the same field of experimental physical chemistry at a research university in California,” Professor Christine Isborn said.

Anne and David Kelley were the fourth and fifth faculty members hired. As experimental physical chemists, they came prepared for hands-on work, and they got it.

“They gave us very nice little offices and these big open spaces and said, ‘Here are your labs,’” Anne said. “It was like being asked to build a lab in our garage. We just unloaded the moving truck and got to work.”

Beyond their labs, the Kelleys were central to shaping what eventually became the department — developing the curriculum, building its structure and policies and hiring faculty.

“One of the things that has been rewarding is helping to build a really strong program in theoretical and computational chemistry here,” Anne said. “We have managed to hire some exceptional people who have performed very well.”

“Doing faculty searches every year is hard work, but also fun and interesting,” she added. “It makes you feel like you’re moving forward and things are improving.” Professors Andy and Patti LiWang were among their first hires. Anne said they have been instrumental in building the biochemistry program.

Patti LiWang said Anne often took on administrative duties so junior faculty had more time to teach, research and flourish.

“Anne put in countless hours of service for the department, school and campus. Some years, she’d drive to Oakland for UC meetings, return for campus business, and teach — all within a day or two,” she said.

“At times, it seemed like she was the only one keeping the department going.”

Isborn praised Anne’s approach as department chair.

“What I appreciated most about her as chair was that she didn’t use her position to push the department in her direction,” she said. “She’d state her opinion, listen respectfully to other perspectives, and work collaboratively to decide how the department should move forward.”

David brought the same depth and commitment to his role. Although he declined to hold administrative positions, he was active in service to the department and the campus, including chairing and serving on many faculty search committees as well as in the Academic Senate. He also maintained an active, well-funded research group, advised a number of successful Ph.D. students and published extensively in well-regarded journals.

“Dave has an amazing breadth and depth of physical chemistry knowledge,” Isborn said. “He is famous within the department for asking tough, but interesting, questions of every seminar speaker, always sitting in the front row and making little notes on a napkin.”

He’s also known for his trademark “Question Authority” T-shirt — often worn while practicing just that.

Rigorous and Respected

The Kelleys are not just researchers, teachers and mentors; they are part of the university’s bedrock.

“They were very proud to come here and help start the first research university of the 21st century,” Patti LiWang said.

They are also standard bearers.

“They are committed to academic rigor. They expect a lot of themselves, of their colleagues and their students, but they are also supportive,” said Department Chair Professor Ryan Baxter. “I think it's difficult for most people to have both of those characteristics at the same time.

“They have very well-thought-out reasons for their opinions. But if someone raises a point that makes them reconsider, they're quick to acknowledge it. That's really admirable.”

The Kelleys are known for their keen intelligence, even in a department full of brilliant people.

“One year, Anne was running the department while keeping the Academic Senate functioning. She had not only multiple papers, but some of them were single-author papers, meaning she collected all the data herself in the lab,” Patti LiWang said.

“If it wasn’t obvious before, it was obvious then: The woman is brilliant.”

Laser Labs and Sharp Minds

Anne is best known in her field for pioneering new techniques in resonance Raman spectroscopy and related areas — powerful tools for understanding molecular behavior.

Her methods, as Baxter explained, are critical for investigating high-speed photochemical processes, such as the way the eye processes light.

“Her work is fundamental to understanding these types of properties, but the applications of it are widespread,” he said. “Many scientists can use the information she developed through her techniques to gain a deeper understanding of systems that involve photochemical processes.”

“She is very well-known in the spectroscopy community,” Isborn said. “I remember reading some of her papers as a grad student.”

Early in her time at ��ϰٿ�, Anne was focused on organic molecules. Meanwhile, David had established a well-regarded research program on the ultrafast photophysics of semiconductor quantum dots.

Eventually, the potential overlap was too interesting to ignore.

“I gradually started working on the same stuff that he works on,” Anne said. “We’ve pretty much had combined and very collaborative research programs for the past 10 years or so.”

David has also established long-standing relationships with industry partners, such as Nanosys, a company working on light-emitting nanoparticles.

“It has been a terrific collaboration,” David said. “They provide world-class synthetic expertise, and we were able to secure a very large industrial/academic Department of Energy grant that has funded a good part of the work that both my group and Anne’s has done over the past several years. Very much a win-win situation.”

“Much of his fundamental work helps industry partners refine the application space they're exploring and develop better devices,” Baxter said.

Up until a couple of years ago, Anne said she was doing a fair amount of lab work herself.

“Most faculty at my career stage never go into the lab anymore,” she said. “I’m glad I have kept the ability to go in there and do it myself. Doing research is always fun.”

Retirement doesn’t mean being involved in science is over for either of the Kelleys. Anne just began a four-year leadership term with the American Physical Society.

“I’m vice chair of the Division of Chemical Physics,” she said. “For the next four years, I will have something keeping me active in science.”

David plans to stay engaged in science by continuing his consulting activities. He is actively involved in several research projects at Nanosys that may result in dramatic advancements in display technology.

New Trails Ahead

Retirement will open up time for their continuing athleticism.

Anne, once a fixture on the Central Valley marathon and half-marathon scene, still runs and races regularly, albeit at a slower speed these days.

David is still a strong enough cyclist to “terrorize” riders a third his age, Anne said.

“Among bikers, people want to know who the big dog is,” Patti LiWang said. “That is still Dave Kelley.”

They have reached emeritus status, but the Kelleys will continue to mentor one graduate student each over the next year or so. After that? The mountains are calling.

And for the first time in more than 20 years, they will be able to take advantage of peak Sierra backpacking season — mid-August through September.

“We don’t know exactly where we’ll live,” Anne said. “We’re looking at somewhere in the eastern suburbs of Sacramento, maybe the Auburn area. We want to stay close to the Sierras for backpacking and hiking.”

They’re looking forward to a life where hiking boots and bike tires are more useful than lab coats, but not alone.

“Our dogs love to go backpacking with us,” Anne said.

The couple consider their dogs their kids, colleagues said. At their retirement party, they were presented with laser etchings of photos of their pups.

A student also gave David a copy of the book “The Last Man Who Knew Everything: The Life and Times of Enrico Fermi.”

“Dave seemed very happy with the book because he aspires to know everything as part of his retirement,” Isborn said.

The Kelleys might have crossed the finish line of one marathon, but they’re learning the route for their next one.

Only this time, the map is all theirs.

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Vaping Produces a Chemical that Destroys Human Tissue, Research Shows

Anonymous — Thu, 07 Aug 2025 19:19:11 +0000

August 7, 2025

By Lorena Anderson, ��ϰٿ�

Chemicals produced during the vaping process are extremely harmful to human tissue, study indicates. Photo courtesy of UCLA.

In addition to being used recreationally, marijuana and cannabidiol, or CBD, one of the cannabinoids produced by the marijuana plant, are thought to have medical benefits such as helping with chemotherapy-induced nausea, treating epilepsy, relieving pain and helping with a variety of mental health issues.

But how people get cannabinoids into their bodies can make the difference between helping and hurting. A new study by Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair and Professor Ryan Baxter and colleagues shows that conditions common to vaping marijuana or CBD oxidizes the CBD to create cannabidiol hydroxyquinone or CBD-Q. This highly toxic chemical kills human tissue.

Baxter and chemical and materials engineering professors Kara McCloskey and Roberto Andresen Eguiluz, both affiliated with the Health Sciences Research Institute, have been studying the safety profiles of components in commercially available vape cartridges to identify hazards and develop mitigation strategies.

“Under certain conditions, the cannabinoids metabolize into really toxic byproducts,” Baxter said. “We have shown how that happens, why that happens and how we could prevent it. If people are going to do it anyway, could we develop an additive that prevents the formation of the toxic byproduct and protects people's lung tissues?”

The study demonstrates how storage conditions and usage vehicles degrade CBD and how QBD-Q kills cells. But the researchers have yet to conduct cell studies to identify the pathways and how CBD is metabolized by cells. Future studies will focus on how vaping conditions impact CBD stability and its degradation into toxic byproducts.

They've detailed their findings in a paper published in the journal Chemical Research in Toxicology, put out by the American Chemical Society.

Marijuana is legal in many states, and most states have no regulations regarding CBD use. Many popular brands of marijuana vapes are sold in dispensaries, and CBD vapes are commercially available in many stores, including gas stations. They're easy to use, easy to carry, produce little to no smoke and often come in tempting flavors.

But with heat and oxidative stress — conditions created when someone sucks on a vape — CBD decomposes into CBD-Q. This chemical has been used in targeted therapies to destroy malignant tumors.

“I wouldn't imagine you would want it just bathing your lungs,” Baxter said.

When someone burns the marijuana plant, several chemicals are naturally present that take some of the oxidative stress off the cannabinoids, including CBD.

“But when you add CBD to an oil suspension and put it in a vape pen, all the oxidative stress is focused on that one chemical,” Baxter said, “so it's actually way worse in that setting. This context is very important because vape cartridges contain high levels of CBD and it doesn't need much heat to degrade into CBD-Q, although some cartridges heat to 200 to 300 degrees.”

While CBD on its own appears to be non-toxic, the researchers also found that how it is stored contributes to the amount of CBD-Q produced.

“Luckily, most of the CBD is stored in oil-based suspensions that protect it from oxidative stress. But a new thing I've seen is adding CBD to beverages, such as sodas or alcoholic drinks,” Baxter said. “Those are water- or ethanol-based, and under those conditions, you end up producing more of this toxic byproduct, just upon sitting. And these things are not regulated at all by the FDA.”

This research project was conducted without outside funding; however, Baxter hopes to continue the work and investigate how vascular tissue is affected by cannabinoids with a grant he has applied for through the Center for Medicinal Research in Cannabis at UC San Diego.

His lab is licensed with the federal Drug Enforcement Administration to research cannabis but isn't typically involved with research into chemical compounds for vape cartridges. When Baxter saw this result, he also saw an opportunity to help make vaping safer.

“If we could discover a chemical that we could tell industry they should put in the vape cartridges to protect their consumers, I feel like industry partners would see the opportunity to advertise it as a safer product,” he said.

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Amemiya Awarded for Research, Teaching, Outreach and Service

Anonymous — Mon, 04 Aug 2025 16:13:41 +0000

August 4, 2025

Professor Amemiya, right, with Past President Leslie Pick, left, and President Karen Crow, both of whom nominated him for the Service Award. Photo courtesy of Tetsuya Nakamura, Rutgers University.

Department of Molecular and Cell Biology Professor Chris Amemiya, former interim director of the Health Sciences Research Institute, has been honored by the Pan American Society for Evolutionary Developmental Biology (PASEDB) with the Service Award.

This prestigious award celebrates a society member who has made exceptional contributions to PASEDB and evolutionary developmental biology through research, teaching, education, outreach, service to PASEDB as well as serving the scientific community.

“Chris put his all into our scientific society, doing all the hard work of serving as president and keeping the society strong through very difficult years,” said University of Maryland entomology Professor Leslie Pick, past president of the society. “He did all this with passion, not because he wanted the credit or fame, but because he truly cares.”

Amemiya served as society president from 2019 through 2022, through the COVID-19 pandemic, and remains affiliated with its executive council, providing leadership as past president.

He remains involved in planning the society's biennial meetings and mentoring council members, sharing his knowledge of historical precedents and best practices.

“Before becoming PASEDB president, Chris helped coordinate the 2019 biennial meeting that took place in Miami. As president, he was the lead organizer of the 2022 PASEDB meeting, which he arranged to be co-organized with the Society for Developmental Biology, a first for our society,” wrote Pick and society President Karen Crow, a San Francisco State University biology professor, in their nomination letter. “This meeting took place in Vancouver, Canada, and was one of the first, large post-pandemic meetings for our field and it was enormously successful.”

Crow and Pick are former collaborators with Amemiya. Crow worked with him as far back as her postdoctoral days at Yale University in the 2000s.

“When we swapped stories about the discovery of the Indonesian coelacanth species back in 1997, I knew Chris was going to become a friend as well as a valued collaborator,” Crow said. “Two attributes I appreciate about Chris are his enthusiasm for field work and his interest in a variety of systems beyond vertebrates, his area of expertise.”

Pick and Crow praised Amemiya for his leadership skills and “no-nonsense, get-things-done” attitude, his gentleness with others, his steady guidance, and his willingness to lead or help society and promote developmental biology in general.

They also recognize Chris’ acumen as a leading researcher in the field, particularly as an early driver and advocate of the use of genomics for biological inquiry.

As part of the award, Amemiya presented a keynote lecture at the society’s recent biennial meeting in Miami: “Keeping the Evo-Devo Flame Going: How Service and Cool Research Have Contributed to My Story.”

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��ϰٿ�’s Berhe Joins Scientists in Warning of Global Land Mine Crisis

Anonymous — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 19:01:09 +0000

By Lorena Anderson, ��ϰٿ�

July 24, 2025

A sign in Europe warns of active land mines.

More than 100 million land mines remain buried around the world, posing a threat in approximately 70 countries and territories, and killing or injuring about 5,000 people, most of them civilians, every year.

As the world’s geopolitical landscape shifts, nine scientists studying different aspects of warfare ecology from seven countries — Poland, Ukraine, Norway, Spain, the United States, Finland and Croatia — are warning against the growing deployment of land mines as countries bordering Russia withdraw from global conventions restricting their use.

“Land mines leave a lasting legacy of death and misery, destruction of communities and environmental impacts long after wars have ended, but if you don't have connections with countries that are directly affected by war, you would never hear about this. It is not the kind of news that typically makes it to the evening news,” said ��ϰٿ� Professor Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, who co-wrote a letter published in the journal Science.

“We are trying to warn the world about how the global community is turning back a lot of the progress that had been made over the past 50 years, especially on land mines and other unexploded ordnance.”

With their letter, the scientists are imploring all countries to take more “measured approaches to national defense and stop undermining the goals of a mine-free world, environmental conservation and human welfare.”

Former Secretary-General of the United Nations Boutros Boutros-Ghali called land mines a persistent reminder of the horrors of war, Berhe said, in part because in the mid-1990s, at the height of the land mine crisis, between 500 and 800 people a week were killed by mines, with another 1,000 or so injured.

Globally, more people have been killed and injured by land mines than by all biological and chemical weapons combined. Further, these weapons remain in the ground for decades after wars end, restricting communities’ access to their land, causing physical disruptions to and chemical contamination of soil, limiting the productivity of land and contributing to a global land degradation crisis.

In March, the Baltic states — Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia — and Finland and Poland declared plans to withdraw from the Ottawa Treaty or Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention and Lithuania withdrew from the Convention on Cluster Munitions. These actions signal that the countries might produce, stockpile, trade and deploy these weapons.

While these countries may feel they can better protect themselves from the possible encroachment of Russia and other countries as global geopolitics shift, the scientists said that risks to both humans and the environment far outweigh any benefits.

“Land mines are very long-lasting, and they are very cheap. They cost about $3 each,” Berhe said. “But they are incredibly hard to remove from the ground once they have been buried.”

Outside of the damage they cause when they explode, clearing land mines has a significant impact on surrounding ecosystems, Berhe said. It's also expensive to de-mine an area — it costs about $1,000 per mine.

Berhe, a biogeochemist, the Ted and Jan Falasco Chair in Earth Sciences and Geology and the faculty director of the Sierra Nevada Research Institute, has been researching and publishing on the global crisis of land mine-caused land degradation for more than two decades, since she was a master’s student at Michigan State University.

Several animal species have been pushed to the brink of extinction around the world because of land mines, and many other species in affected countries are at risk, she said. Additionally, land mines are composed of metals and toxic explosive materials that contaminate the surrounding ground.

“The environmental implications of land mines are profound, and scholars studying the environmental impacts of wars argue that we shouldn't separate the humanitarian and environmental impacts because they are so closely interrelated,” Berhe said.

Deployment of indiscriminate weapons at Europe’s eastern borders would complicate not only ecological monitoring but also exclude people from the landscapes they use and steward, the scientists said. The UN secretary-general and the UN high commissioner for human rights have issued statements about how risks linger long after conflicts, affecting farmland, playgrounds and homes.

As of March, the Ottawa Treaty had 164 signees. This international treaty aims to eliminate the use, production, stockpiling and transfer of anti-personnel mines. It also mandates the destruction of existing stockpiles and the clearance of mined areas, while also assisting land mine victims.

To date, 123 signatories have committed to the goals of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, which prohibits all use, production, transfer and stockpiling of cluster munitions.

However, some of the major powers have not joined either treaty, including the United States, Russia and China, meaning the treaties’ provisions do not legally bind them.

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LiWang’s Research into Biological Clocks Earns Protein Society Honors

Anonymous — Mon, 21 Jul 2025 17:00:23 +0000

July 21, 2025

Professor Andy LiWang

Professor Andy LiWang knows what makes us tick, at least at a cellular level.

His research into the mechanisms of the oldest biological clock known to humankind has led him to understand how proteins — and hence cells — can tell time.

It has also led the ��ϰٿ� biochemist to become this year's recipient of the prestigious Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin award, sponsored by the Rigaku Corporation and given by The Protein Society (TPS).

The society called LiWang “an exceptional scientist and champion of biochemistry.” It said his “elegant and rigorous” research has “led to a near atomic-level understanding of the cyanobacterial circadian clock, the most ancient biological timekeeping system that we know of.”

The award, which he received at the society’s annual symposium in San Francisco last month, recognizes exceptional contributions in protein science that have profoundly influenced the understanding of biology.

TPS awards recognize excellence across the diverse disciplines that advance the understanding of proteins, their structure, function, design and application. The awards honor researchers who have distinguished themselves with significant achievements in protein research and those who have made outstanding contributions in leadership, teaching and service, according to the society’s website.

Joseph Ferrara, Ph.D., the senior chief science officer at Rigaku, introduced LiWang at the symposium and presented him with a $3,000 honorarium, saying LiWang is a scientist “whose work exemplifies the boldness, clarity and transformative insight that made Dorothy Hodgkin herself a legend.” Hodgkin used crystallography to decode the structures of insulin, penicillin and vitamin B12, opening frontiers in biology and medicine.

“Her legacy was not simply about solving structures but about revealing the fundamental logic by which biology operates,” Ferrara said.

“At Rigaku, where we strive to make the invisible visible — from molecular structures to semiconductor materials — we deeply resonate with Dr. LiWang’s mission,” Ferrara said. “Like Dorothy Hodgkin, he transforms complexity into clarity, giving us molecular blueprints that drive not just understanding but innovation.”

Biological clocks, or circadian rhythms, are roughly 24-hour cycles that regulate sleep-wake patterns and other bodily functions, influenced by light and darkness.

Ferrara cited LiWang’s use of structural biology and NMR spectroscopy to reveal, at near-atomic resolution, how the KaiABC protein complex functions as a biological oscillator, and how KaiC drives the daily circadian cycle; how KaiA and KaiB modulate phosphorylation (a chemical process where a phosphate group is added to a molecule, often a protein, by enzymes called kinases) states; and, remarkably, how KaiB undergoes a metamorphic fold-switch — a molecular shape-shift — critical to the assembly of the nighttime clock complex.

The “nighttime clock complex” refers to the interplay of factors that promote sleepiness at night. Disruptions to this complex, such as those caused by shift work or jet lag, can lead to sleep problems and other health issues.

In 2015, 2017 and 2021, LiWang and his lab members and collaborators published research articles in the journal Science revealing major breakthroughs, including how they reconstituted the full circadian oscillator in a test tube, linking it to real-time regulation of gene expression.

“These are not just structural insights; they are deep functional breakthroughs that explain how biological timekeeping is built, tuned and synchronized,” Ferrara said.

LiWang joined ��ϰٿ� in 2008, after earning his undergraduate degree from UC Berkeley and his doctoral degree from the University of Washington. He was an American Cancer Society postdoctoral researcher at the National Institutes of Health, a research scientist at Purdue University and held a faculty position at Texas A&M.

LiWang is a member of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, an affiliate of the Health Sciences Research Institute and a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology, as well as being a member of TPS.

Rigaku supports X-ray technology, semiconductors, power electronics devices, battery technologies and genetic and protein analysis.

The Protein Society focuses on structure, function, design, synthesis and use of proteins. Founded in 1985, it publishes the journal Protein Science. Members include chemists, biologists, physicists and mathematicians from academia, industry, government and nonprofits in more than 50 nations.

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Professor Dives with Crocs, Displays Megalodon Expertise During Shark Week

Anonymous — Thu, 17 Jul 2025 17:01:15 +0000

By Lorena Anderson

July 17, 2025

Professor Sora Kim swam with a Nile crocodile for this year's Shark Week special, which focuses of sharks versus prehistoric reptiles. Photo courtesy of Kruger National Park, South Africa.

Shark Week starts Sunday and Professor Sora Kim will be featured again this year in a special airing at 9 p.m. Monday, titled “Jaws vs. Mega Croc,” and the filming allowed her to swim with a Nile crocodile.

“I flew to Florida and learned about crocodiles – their evolution, strength, physiology and behavior. More interactions are being recorded between sharks and crocodiles these days, so I also needed to learn about these situations,” she said.

At the crocodile and wildlife rescue and rehab Everglades Outpost, Kim swam in a large tank with a smaller plastic tank containing a crocodile inside. The plastic was thick and of an ultra-high grade in terms of both strength and clarity. A mesh cover prevented the crocodile from jumping into the larger tank, and a medic stood by just in case.

“It was really incredible and a new experience for me,” she said. “I wasn’t scared, given all the safety precautions. It was breathtaking to see the crocodile in the water, especially when we were nose to nose at the bottom.”

Her research into megalodon, the biggest shark species that ever lived, has made Kim a featured scientist on the Discovery television series for the past several years. The ��ϰٿ� paleoecologist has been researching megalodon and the reasons behind its extinction, using stable isotopes in fossil teeth found in nearly every ocean on the planet. The isotopes have told her and other scientists about megalodon’s diet, its environment and its physiology.

Mega croc might seem like something invented for a “Jurassic Park” movie but such giant reptiles once existed. Fossil evidence indicates that Deinosuchus could reach lengths of over 35 feet and weigh more than 5 tons.

This "terrible crocodile" was a top predator in the wetlands of North America during the late Cretaceous Period, the last period of the Mesozoic Era, which lasted from approximately 145 million to 66 million years ago. Fossil evidence, including bite marks on dinosaur bones, confirms Deinosuchus’ ability to prey on enormous dinosaurs, according to the National Park Service.

Deinosuchus likely lived in both freshwater and saltwater environments, contributing to its wide distribution along the coasts of North America.

Besides Deinosuchus, other prehistoric crocodiles, such as Sarcosuchus from Africa, also reached enormous sizes, with some estimated to be about 40 feet long, according to A-Z Animals. Most giant crocodiles, including Deinosuchus, became extinct alongside the dinosaurs, but some species survived the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.

Previous Shark Week specials focused on megalodon and great white sharks. Last year, Kim got to dive with white sharks. This year’s show centers on a face-off between a modern-day great white and a Nile crocodile, a freshwater species mainly found in 26 African countries.

Nile crocodiles can grow to be as long as 20 feet and are the second-largest reptilian predators, behind the saltwater crocodile. They are very aggressive and feed on other reptiles, fish, birds, and mammals such as zebras. The Nile crocodile is one of the most dangerous species of crocodile and is responsible for hundreds of human deaths every year, according to scientific reports.

The Shark Week schedule can be found online. Shark Week can also be seen on HBO Max.

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University of California, Merced - Lorena Anderson

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���ϰٿ�’s Berhe Joins Scientists in Warning of Global Land Mine Crisis

LiWang’s Research into Biological Clocks Earns Protein Society Honors

Professor Dives with Crocs, Displays Megalodon Expertise During Shark Week

Hellman Fellowships Welcome Three New Members from ��ϰٿ�

��ϰٿ�’s Berhe Joins Scientists in Warning of Global Land Mine Crisis